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All basic and advance knowledge is cover well. Common terms and phrases. Service, we prefer to return an object that contains the information indicating whether this Web Service is executed successfully or not. An instance of an object is created when a variable is declared. Definition of a symbolic name just defines a name that can be used in the program.
Why it is important? The process of giving initial values to variables is called initialization. C allows ordinary variables, structures, unions and arrays to be given initial values in their definitions. There are basically two sorts of initialization: at compile time, and at run time. External and static variables are initialized to zero by default.
Automatic variables that are not initialized explicitly will contain garbage. For example the following statements are valid. If we do not initialize a variable it will contain garbage value. Initialization helps us to understand a program. An uninitialized variable holds the value of the previous memory contents sometimes. This becomes a problem when using pointers which should be initialized to null until we are ready to use them because they point at anything.
An int can have short, long, signed, unsigned, unsigned short, unsigned long qualifiers at a time. A signed int can take a value between to and an unsigned int can take a value 0 to How could he achieve this?
He can put a line like this before the main function in the program: define DPR double From that point on, he can use DPR in place of double wherever he wants. How are they declared?
What is the advantage of using them in a program? Enumerated is a user-defined data type provided by ANSI standard. These variables are called enumeration variables. Declaration: An enumeration is user-defined data type. Its members are constants that are written as identifiers, though they have signed integer values.
These constants represent valued that can be assigned to corresponding enumeration variables. The member names must differ from one another, and they must be distinct from other identifiers whose scope is the same as that of enumeration. Once the enumeration has been defined, corresponding enumeration variables can declared as enum identifier v1, v2, … vn; where enum is a required keyword, identifier is the name that appeared in the enumeration definition, and v1, v2, … vn are enumeration variables of type identifier.
The enumeration definition can be combined with variable declarations, as indicated below. Advantage: 1. Enumeration helps to provide self-documenting code. Enumeration helps to clarify the structure of a program. Enumerated constants are generated automatically by the compiler. Enumeration helps programs to become more readable and thus can be understood better by others who might have to update these programs later.
Enumeration helps to improve the debugging capacity of a program. Purpose of qualifier const: We may like the value of certain variables to remain constant during the execution of a program. We can achieve this by declaring the variable with the qualifier const at the time of initialization. However, it can be used on the right hand side of an assignment statement like any other variable. For example: volatile int date; The value of date may be altered by some external factors even if it does not appear on the left-hand side of an assignment statement.
When we declare a variable as volatile, the compiler will examine the value of the variable each time it is encountered to see whether any external alteration has changed the value.
The value of a variable declared as volatile can be modified by its own program as well. When dealing with very small numbers I will like to use the qualifier short before data type int if the number is integer. Or if the number is floating point type I will use float data type to improve the accuracy of the calculations. When dealing with very large number if the number is a integer I will use the qualifier long before int.
If the number is a positive integer I may use the qualifier unsigned or unsigned long. If the number is floating point type I will use data type double or use the qualifier long before double to improve the accuracy of the calculations.
Minimum Answer: valid First. Sign is not permitted. Doubles Answer: Valid Reason: Keyword may be a part of variable name. Column total Answer: Invalid Reason: White space is not permitted. Int x; Answer : Error. It should be : double p,q; exponent alpha,beta; Answer : Error. It should be : long int m, count; long float temp; Answer : Error. Answer : False. Answer : True. If valid , give the value of the expression ; otherwise give reason. Because the number 3 is int type.
Explain the output. So the expression is true and the statement after it is executed. So the output is TRUE. But getchar does not use any format specifiers it only takes character as input. At a time scanf can receive multiple data types as inputs. But getchar can't do this. As getchar is a macro thats why it helps to make program run faster.
The getchar function accepts any character keyed in. But it stops reading that string when the first whitespace character is encountered. A whitespace character is either a space, a tab, or a newline. Trailing zeros and trailing decimal point will not be displayed. The getchar function may be called successively to read the characters contained in a line of text thus we can use the getchar function to read multi character strings.
The putchar function may be called successively to output the characters contained in a line of text thus we can use the putchar function to output multi character strings. For example, the following program segment output characters from keyboard one after another. Input data can be entered into computer from a standard input device by means of the C library function scanf.
This function can be used to enter any combination of numerical values, single characters and strings. The function returns the number of data items that have been entered successfully. Control string and arguments are separated by commas. Control string also known as format string contains field specifications, which direct the interpretation of input data. Blanks, tabs, or newlines. Blanks, tabs and newlines are ignored.
The data type character indicates the type of data that is to be assigned to the variable associated with the corresponding argument. The field width specifier is optional. The main purpose of commonly used conversion characters in a scanf function is these indicate what type of data we take as intput. It is possible to limit the number of such characters by specifying a maximum field width for that data item.
This is because the space acts as a data item separator. Output data can be written from the computer onto a standard output device using the library function printf. This function can be used to output any combination of numerical values, single characters and strings. The printf statement provides certain features that can be effectively exploited to control the alignment and spacing of print-outs on the terminals.
Characters that will be printed on the screen as they appear. Format specifications that define the output format for display of each item. The control string indicates how many arguments follow and what their types are. The arguments arg1, arg2, …, argn are the variables whose values are formatted and printed according to the specifications of the control string.
The arguments should match in number, order and type with the format specification. The main purpose of commonly used conversion characters in a printf function is these indicate what type of data we print as output. But control string in a scanf function can include blanks, tabs, or newlines.
But blanks, tabs or newlines are ignored. Control string in a printf function can consists of characters that will be printed on the screen as they appear. The number is written right-justified in the given field width. The unrecognized characters will be read into the computer but not assigned to an identifier. Ans: False. Ans: True. Ans: switch. Ans: if…else.
Solution: a 2,0 b 1,0 5. Correct answer: switch y b case 10; Answer : Error. Correct answer: case Semicolon ; after break. That means there will be no output. Answer: n-1 b The statements is use to skip a part of the statements in a loop. Answer: continue. Answer: infinite d The sentinel controlled loop is also; known as loop.
Answer: indefinite repetition. Answer: definite repetition. If yes, explain its consequences. No, we cannot change the control variable in both the for statement and the body of the loop.
It is a logic error. If we change the value of the control variable in for statement the number of iterations will be changed. Explain a typical use of it. It is not a syntax error, it is a logical error. There are many reasons for this. When goto is used, many compilers generate a less efficient code. In addition, using many of them makes a program logic complicated and renders the program unreadable. But since a goto statement can transfer the control to any place in a program, it is useful to provide branching within a loop.
Another important use of goto is to exit from a deeply nested loops when an error occurs. To choose one of the three loop supported by C, we may use the following strategy: 1. Analyse the problem and see whether it required a pre-test or post-test loop. If it requires a post-test loop, then we can use only one loop, do while. If it requires a pre-test loop, then we have two choices: for and while.
Decided whether the loop termination requires counter-based control or sentinel-based control. Use for loop it the counter-based control is necessary. Use while loop if the sentinel-based control is required. Note that both the counter-controlled and sentinel-controlled loops can be implemented by all the three control structures. It does not matter if we know the number of iterations or not, the for loop is the same. The test-condition is evaluated and if the condition is true, then the body of the loop is executed.
After execution of the body, the test-condition is once again evaluated and if it is true, the body is executed once again. This process of repeated execution of the body continues until the test-condition finally becomes false and the control is transferred out of the loop.
On exit, the program continues with the statement immediately after the body of the loop. The body of the loop may have one or more statements. The braces are needed only if the body contains two or more statements. However, it is a good practice to use braces even if the body has only one statement. At the end of the loop, the test-condition in the while statement is evaluated.
If the condition is true, the program continues to evaluate the body of the loop once again. This process continues as long as the condition is true. When the condition becomes false, the loop will be terminated and the control goes to the statement that appears immediately after the while statement. Since the test-condition is evaluated at the bottom of the loop, the do…while construct provides an exit-controlled loop and therefore the body of the loop is always executed at least once. A goto is often used at the end of a program to direct the control to go to the input statement, to read further data.
The variables i and count are known as loop-control variables. The value of the control variable is tested using the test-condition. If the condition is true, the body of the loop is executed; otherwise the loop is terminated and the execution continues with the statement that immediately follows the loop. When the body of the loop is executed, the control is transferred back to the for statement after evaluating the last statement in the loop.
If the condition is satisfied, the body of the loop is again executed. This process continues till value of the control variable fails to satisfy the test-condition. When the loops are nested, the break would only exit from the loop containing it. That is, the break will exit only a single loop. Exit ……. Exit ….. Since a goto statement can transfer the control to any place in a program, it is useful to provide branching within a loop. Another important use of goto is to exit from deeply nested loops when an error occurs.
It can be used to transfer the control out of a loop or nested loops when certain peculiar conditions are encountered. C supports a statement called the continue statement. The continue, as the name implies, causes the loop to be continued with the next iteration after skipping any statements in between.
The format of the continue statement is simply. Assume that all the variables have In the problem of been declared and assigned values. B: The value of m will be decreased by 10 from 90 to 0.
So ultimately the value of m will be 0. Answer: True.
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