Two researchers LM and SK then went through the coding frames to check for agreement. Namely, there were 13 Regular meetings between the two raters ensured that coding standards and 5 5. To examine group differences in prevalence of themes on other drugs. Additionally, there were 10 Results I liked the fact that it was totally different, and was over relatively quickly. ID 7B, infrequent, 26 years, male 3. You could control the trip unlike an LSD Table 2.
ID 21A, frequent, 41 years, male 3. Initiation into ketamine use 3. When asked to discuss ticipants were typically introduced into ketamine by a friend or the effects which they liked at initiation there were 34 They were generally already poly-drug users and of contentedness; 10 Everything was surreal, like in a daydream where nothing My friends were doing it and it looked fun.
It looked more was very real. ID 19C, ex- anything I had tried before. It made me feel sick afterward user, 25 years, male though. Now I like how fucked it makes you or doing the I tried it because I liked to experience different things. I cleaning without being aware. ID 2A, frequent, 21 years, was curious and friends told me it was alright and a weird female experience.
ID 26C, ex-user, 31 years, male I really liked the trip from ketamine , it was very intense. Interestingly, 6 6. Effects that were disliked: initiation versus current use addictive aspects of ketamine, but in terms of the effects which they liked.
This was done by phrasing their ketamine use in terms When participants were asked to comment on the effects of offering relief from cravings or filling a gap in their life. Frequent ketamine users Infrequent ketamine users Ex-ketamine users Gender no. ID I was vomiting and felt out of control. I had an out of body 29B, infrequent, 21 years, male experience that was really scary. I felt ill and was having fun anymore. ID 13C, ex-user, 30 years, male throwing up and started getting really paranoid.
ID 24C, ex-user, 29 years, female 3. For me it was participants elicited concern over the apparently compulsive more about experimenting and I continued using because of nature of ketamine use. It felt dangerous and The long-term effects really seem un-known: we are the I thought I was going to die. ID 17C, ex-user, 24 years, guinea pig generation. You can pass out In terms of the effects which participants did not like regard- on it, which is dangerous at parties.
Additionally, 30 references ID 27A, frequent, 22 years, male negative psychological effects which ketamine induced. However, when endorsements of such statements were analyzed separately for It was fun so I do miss some of that element.
Interestingly, when discussing what they liked about Additionally, the route of ingestion appeared to be constant over ketamine in their current use or just before they stopped , the three groups.
These included its ability to relieve injecting. Of the 5 participants who reported taking ketamine boredom, fill a gap, satisfy cravings and its use for escapism.
However, when the settings were analyzed for 3. Addi- tionally, Breakdown in thematic headings spontaneously cited by three groups of 3. Medical treatment sought due to ketamine use ketamine users. This section also aimed to examine group differences 3.
When responses were analyzed five main themes Interestingly, when discussing the long-term effects and any emerged: 1 impaired cognitive functioning, 2 decline in men- concerns they might have had Of the five themes, there were significant behaviour, or elicited the idea that ketamine had become an group differences in decline in mental health and well-being important element in their social relationships. Decline in mental health It fills a niche that no other drug experiences do.
Decline in physical Health available had gone down. It could be that the ex-using group had the ketamine use which have not been previously reported. From benefit of hindsight in recognizing these deficits, or that some this we were able to track the narrative of ketamine use from users are more susceptible to the cognitive and psychotomemetic initiation to — in some cases — apparent psychological depen- effects of ketamine and therefore are more likely to cease their dence.
The experience of these symptoms extent for pleasure seeking and hedonistic purposes. Jenstch and Roth, It is nevertheless spite of, the risks associated with it Feldman, Further research should a friend or dealer and access, availability and peer use were address this issue with the use of detailed clinical interviews.
Lankenau and Sanders examined Our findings suggest that a majority of those currently ketamine injectors and similarly found access to the drug was involved in a frequent pattern of use had concerns about phys- an important factor in determining the pattern of use. Narratives ical health problems. Nearly half of our frequent using group suggest an issue with escalation, lack of control and generaliza- reported seeking medical attention as a result of their ketamine tion of setting in which ketamine is used by frequent users.
This finding is consistent with the neu- recently been established Shahani et al. This would their awareness of the possible dangers of being in a dissociative suggest that, while it is important to understand the long-term state in public surroundings Dalgarno and Shewan, However, as use became more frequent, users in this Narratives obtained in this study also found a persistent con- study endorsed a wider range of settings including squat parties, cern regarding the apparently compulsive use of ketamine, with clubs and pubs, which suggest a continual generalization of drug the vast majority of frequent ketamine users saying that they use.
Ketamine is unique from other hallucinogenic drugs in of specialized support teams within substance misuse services. Additionally, ex-users offered narratives of removing themselves from the ketamine environment through Funding for this study was provided by ESRC Grant RES- modification of social groups and certain activities in order to ; the ESRC had no further role in study design; in cease their use.
The reports gathered here would suggest that the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writ- if ketamine use and availability become more widespread, sub- ing of the report; or in the decision to submit the paper for stance misuse services may begin to see clients attempting to publication. This study was subject to several methodological limitations. Authors C. Morgan and H. Curran designed the study The reliability and validity of the verbal reports provided by and wrote the protocol.
Authors J. Taylor and H. Rees provided users could be explored further in future studies with a more the literature searches and summaries of previous related work.
As with all qualitative data, Authors L. Muetzelfeldt and S. Kamboj undertook the analysis there is the potential for alternative interpretations of the nar- of data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors ratives collected. Furthermore, for the most part a convenience contributed to and have approved the final manuscript.
Further research might be undertaken to explore these themes in more depth. It is also important to note Acknowledgement that most ketamine users are poly-drug users and the reported effects experienced here could be the result of a combination of We thank Dr. Nancy Pistrang, who kindly provided guidance different drugs.
Additional concerns for this group include the young age at which some participants in both the frequent and ex-using groups References started using ketamine. The age range for the frequent using group included participants as young as 11 years of age at initi- Bryman, A. Structured interviewing. In: Social Research Methods, second ation and the ex-using group as young as 13, which could have ed.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, — Given research sug- Critchlow, D. A case of ketamine dependence with discontinuation symptoms. Addiction , — Cognitive, dissociative and psychotogenic rat brain, further research should address the as yet relatively effects of ketamine in recreational users on the night of drug use and 3 unexamined effects it has on adolescent humans Mellon et al.
Addiction 95, — These two groups also had relatively longer periods of Curran, H. In and out of the K-hole: a comparison of the use than recreational users and frequent users were also using acute and residual effects of ketamine in frequent and infrequent ketamine users. Addiction 96, — Dalgarno, P. Illicit use of ketamine in Scotland. Psy- Finally, the follow-up stage of this study was conducted after choactive Drugs 28, — We were therefore able to gauge Drugscope, Statistics on Drug Misuse: England Feldman, H.
This suggests that while legal vices DHHS publication no. Heath, Lexington, Mass. Jenstch, J. The neuropsychopharmacology of phencycli- dine: from NMDA receptor hypofunction to the dopamine hypothesis of In summary, our findings suggest that there may be contra- schizophrenia.
Neuropsychopharmacology 20, — Content and thematic analysis. Candies that start with the letter "K" come in many different shapes, sizes and flavors. These include chocolate candy bars such as Kit Kats and Krackel bars. Kit Kats are available in standard, king-size, miniature and extra-large options. Learn what a K-hole is, including how people describe it, the risks involved, and whether there are ways to make it safer. Ketamine hydrochloride, also known as Special K, Kit-Kat, or simply K, belongs to a class of drugs called dissociativ.
You can download any of the following zipped files, each of which contains information about the releasable k s for the time frame indicated. Each record in the file is characters in length. These files are replaced monthly usually. Public Pastes. Arduino 5 min ago 0. Arduino 6 min ago 0. Arduino 7 min ago 0. Arduino 8 min ago 0. Arduino 10 min ago 0.
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